Language Arts Unit Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Language Arts Unit Plan - Essay Example The exercise plans will have an Objective, Materials, Procedure, and Assessment. The exercises are totally associated through utilizing a similar story however in various learning viewpoints and abilities. Conduct Objective- - The understudy will utilize their oral language to improve jargon by perusing a short story and will record on a piece of paper any new words that they don't have the foggiest idea. For instance, croaker-sack, arousing, glowering, sycamore tree are a portion of the conceivable new words. The understudies will start to go through the word reference to look the significance of the new words after they attempt to make sense of the implications from the story. This movement will be done after the principal perusing of the story. The understudies will likewise peruse this story quietly. Procedure†Students will sit in one gathering or in little gatherings and read the story to one another alternating in perusing each passage. The educator will take short notes when understudies may experience difficulty with specific words. Assessmentâ€The educator can request that the understudy record the word or words that the understudies may stagger with when perusing and afterward work on giving the signal or words by sounding them out. The instructor at that point can request that the understudy give the importance of the obscure word by surveying the story setting. Social Objective†Student will utilize the story to become familiar with the idea of making compound words. The understudy will peruse the story and record all the compound words on a piece of paper. The understudies will realize what makes a compound word. They will likewise discover that a compound word is made of two separate words that could stand separated. Procedure†Students will peruse the story and when they go to a compound word they will them record it on their papers. The educator would then be able to ask them what two words make the one compound word that they found. Appraisal - To check for understanding the instructor can request that the understudy read the story and when the understudy goes to a compound word he

How to Study for an SAT Makeup Test

Special Announcement! We are offering FREE Magoosh SAT Prep Premium accounts to any student affected by Winter Storm Jonas! SAT Makeup Tests First off, a â€Å"makeup† is not the same as a retake. â€Å"Makeup† is reserved for those instances in which testing centers have to close because of bad weather. For those signed up for the January 2016 this means Winter Storm Jonas. For others, it could be something far less likely to make national headlines: flooding in and around the testing center, a foot of snow making roads un-drivable, dangerous lightening storms during testing time. If you fall into this group, you might at first be ecstatic (yay, I can sleep in and not have to suffer through the SAT!), but eventually that euphoria will give way to the fact that you’ll have to take a makeup test—unless of course you don’t mind wasting the money, which I don’t recommend. Regardless, you might likely feel bummed out, thinking that all that time spent studying has been lost. Well, that is not necessarily true. You don’t suddenly forget what you’ve learned The SAT is not a test based on cramming. If that was your planning going in, then consider whatever untoward meteorological event caused the closing of the testing center a blessing in disguise. Assuming you actually spent a few weeks of solid prepping, much of what you learned is still there—as long as you restudy. And the sooner you do so, the better. Build deeper connections The good news is that by revisiting the material, you are likely to understand it at a deeper level. So go back over what you learned, though you might want to do a fresh batch of questions. Study the same vocabulary, memorize the same math concepts, and internalize the same grammar concepts. The second time around it will be easier and feel more second nature. Expand your horizons Now that you have a little more time, you don’t want to review only that which you have already covered. Assuming you have more time left to study before the makeup, learn more vocabulary, delve deeper into some more challenging math material, and attack the more challenging aspects of grammar. More time, more practice tests You might not have been able to take the SAT when you hoped to, but you can take a full-length practice test whenever you have a few available hours. To get ready for the makeup test, you’ll want to do at least one practice test. Sitting through a practice test will help you identify areas in which you need to improve, whether it is pacing, strategy, or plain old endurance. Taking a second timed practice test will make the experience of test day seem even less daunting. And assuming you do what’s recommended in this article (review, expand, and practice), you’ll likely do better than the first time around.

Critical Analysis of Fire and Ice - 2011 Words

Critical Analysis of Fire and Ice One said, Poetry is when an emotion has found its thought and the thought has found words. Four time Pulitzer Prize winning American poet, teacher, and lecturer, Robert Frost quoted this. Frost was born in 1874 and died in January of 1963. He lived in New England for practically his whole life, only moving to England for a short time to pursue his writing career in which he wrote many popular and oft-quoted poems. In his poem, Fire and Ice, Frost uses imagery, diction and metaphors to create the themes of desire and hate, nature and its meaning, and opposites. Tom Hanson figures that the speaker is in first person in Fire and Ice. (Hanson 27) The speaker simply expresses an opinion instead†¦show more content†¦(Fire and Ice 58) Frost wants the reader to realize that neither fire nor desire is always bad. (59) Both are necessary in life. It is only when the fire is uncontrolled that it grows and consumes all that is around it. (59) The very vagueness of the opening word, Some, gives the poem a feeling of vagueness or speculation. (Meyer 62) Saying that ice would suffice, or be sufficient, is a rather casual way to refer to the destructive powers it holds and it implies that such an event will not actually come to pass. (Fire and Ice 58) Suffice implies that something is complete or has run its course but it could still do more or could still be continuing in some way. (63) Ice technically ends the world of the poem. (Leger 114) Not only does it become the last verbal image, but the last three letters of the verse spell ice. (114) The ice of Frosts poem never seems to go away. (Meyer 64) It can suffice because there is always something more to it, something preserving, chilling and imperishable. (64) In Frost poem, fire and ice are repeated twice for emphasis. (64) This is a gesture where the poet draws particular attention to an idea, or an image, almost as if he is repeating it in case the reader misse d it or didnt get it the first time. (64) Ice is rhymed with twice almost as if the poet is trying to let us in on his little joke ofShow MoreRelatedLiterary Analysis Of Wallace Stevens : The Emperor Of Ice Cream1463 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The Emperor of Ice-Cream†: Works Cited Allen, Austin. â€Å"Wallace Stevens: ‘The Emperor of Ice-Cream’.† Poetry Foundation, Poetry Foundation, www.poetryfoundation.org/articles/70138/wallace-stevens-the-emperor-of-ice-cream The article was written by Austin Allen. His biography on the site reads that he has won a poetry award and that he frequently writes poems and essays that are known world-wide. This means his article is at least somewhat reliable. This site analyzes the poem thoroughly, diggingRead MoreEssay on Robert Frosts Life and Accomplishments1244 Words   |  5 Pagesthey display a much deeper meaning of life. These poems help to show people just some of the difficult things that will be faced in life, despite everything done to prevent them from happening. In particular, his poems â€Å"Nothing Gold Can Stay,† â€Å"Fire and Ice,† and â€Å"Stopping by the Woods on a Snowy Evening,† incorporate this meaning into them while on the surface, they seem like just simple poems about nature. After a closer look into Frost’s life, it can be determined that he had a whirlwind of experiencesRead MoreEssay on Anti-War Sentiments in Cats Cradle and Slaughterhouse Five1173 Words   |  5 Pagesteapot shortly after hundreds of thousands are massacred in the Dresden fire bombings. Another instance of an ironic death is when Billy Pilgrim and Ronald Weary join the two infantry scouts. Ironically, Pilgrim and Weary, who lack any significant military training, are not killed and the highly trained scouts are. Maybe the single greatest example of irony in Slaughterhouse Five is when the bird remarks poo-tee-weet, after the fire bombings. This a nonsensical thing to say following such a massacreRead More Who Tamed Fire First? Essay887 Words   |  4 PagesWho Tamed Fire First? The farther back in time we explore, the more room there seems to be for discrepancy among various theories regarding the history of the earth. One of the many disputed aspects of history concerns the nature of the relationship between humans and the environment. This paper will focus on the debate of the origin of first tamed fire. Was it Homo erectus or Homo sapiens? The widely accepted big bang theory of evolution paints Homo erectus as no more than a smart apeRead MoreCrisis Management of Potential Site Risks in Quebec1776 Words   |  7 PagesQuebec region (pp.10-12). Ice Storm As discussed by Karsh (2009) ice storms are the one of climate extremes model which has been impacting in the North America with heavy frequency, severity, and long duration. The frequency and severity of ice storms can increase in some latitudes. The ice storm can strike down transmission lines, and electricity in the numerous of homes. The mixture of icy roads, and strong winds and snow can cause widespread devastation. However, Extreme ice storm is not only emergingRead MoreThe Tell Tale Heart Analysis1295 Words   |  6 Pageshowever Native American cultures uses magic. It can also be said that the style utilizes realistic techniques using narratives with surreal or dreamlike elements. An example of Magic realism in Sherman Alexie’s short story is how Thomas Builds-the-fire jumped off the roof and flapped his arms like an eagle. They describes him as â€Å"flying†. The story also likens his broken arm to that of a broken â€Å"wing†. Sherman Alexie uses t his technique as he is an Indigenous American with ancestry for many differentRead MoreCPM or Critical Path Method for Healthcare1099 Words   |  4 Pagesinternal board as also with the contractors. In the mean time another task must be implemented such the maintenance of the existed equipment and facilities, and training on the health and safety regulations: Reformatting to include an extensive Hazard Analysis and Required Safety Equipment section, Updating safety manual, Create and implement a Skills Passport for workers, Create and implement an Operator Training Manual, Employ the Forge Dynamics â€Å"Optic† program to manage personnel, equipment and safetyRead MoreCritical Analysis To Build A Fire944 Words   |  4 PagesCritical Analysis â€Å"To Build a Fire† Jack London used naturalism in â€Å"To Build a Fire† to help the reader understand the events of everyday life. Naturalism showed just how humans had to be watchful at every corner because at a moment’s notice death could be there, waiting for them to make an error that can cost them their lives. The story is about a man who was on a devastating journey across the Yukon Territory near Alaska. London used the idea of naturalism to help portray how harsh and violentRead More State of Research on the Snowball Earth Hypothesis Essay1410 Words   |  6 Pagesas the Varangia glaciation is a hypothesis presented in 2001 by Geologist Paul Hoffman. (Wikipedia, 2002) The hypothesis purposes that 540 million years ago during the Neoproterozic, a meter thick of ice covered the oceans and glaciers the continents for 100 million years. Albedo; when ice and snow reflect solar radiation into space, in absents of greenhouse gases, which dont exist within the atmosphere, heat therefore escapes the planet. A condition of temperature disequilibrium occurs, whenRead MoreGlobal Warming Warning Essay examples1269 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Warming Warning In 2007, the Arctic reached a 30-year low for sea ice (University of Colorado at Boulder). This is because of global warming or what scientists refer to climate change. The issue with global warming is that it has impactions for damage to future generations. Prevention of a global climate change depends on early detection of human-made effects on climate. The current views on global warming are; those who do not think that the Earth is undergoing a climate change, others

Finance -the Market Essay - 1097 Words

Finance 1. How can changes in foreign exchange rates affect the profitability of financial institutions? Foreign exchange rate determines the price exchange of two currencies. Changes in these rates affects the amount of goods and services import and export of a country. When a country currency is stronger, it is now exchanged for more goods than before, and once the currency is weaker, less of goods are purchased for the same amount of the currency. Financial institutions use the exchange rates changes to decide whether to buy/sell financial assets such as bonds, stocks, etc. That means, they will buy and sell foreign assets to gain profit. The value of these assets increases or decreases as the exchange rates change. If the dollar†¦show more content†¦When the economy is expanding, the spin of money is faster where income of individuals and business increases, and so there’s more likelihood to spend money than before the expansion. For that reason, all stays equal, businesses would want to take advantage of this condition, and would raise funds to pay for new investme nts, which will raise the supply of bonds in the market. At a similar rate, the effect of the economy expansion (the increase in jobs, income, and savings of potential investors) on the demand for bond in the market will be positive. More people can afford and are able to buy bonds for investments. Therefore, economy expansion increase demand and supply of bonds. If excess of demand for bonds is over supply, the price of bond will increase due to insufficient supply, and so interest rates will fall. If excess of supply of bonds is over demand, the price of bonds will fall and thus interest rate will rise. 5. Consider the decision to purchase either a 5-year corporate bond or a 5-year municipal bond. The corporate is a 12% annual coupon bond with a par value of $1000. It is currently yielding 11.5%. The municipal bond has an 8.5% annual coupon and a par value of $1000. It is currently yielding 7%. Which of the two bonds would be more beneficial to you? Assume that your marginal tax rate is 35%. Municipal bond: PV=Show MoreRelatedFinance in International Markets12499 Words   |  50 PagesFINC/ECON 3240 - International Finance Homework Solution Chapter 1 2. Comparative Advantage. a. Explain how the theory of comparative advantage relates to the need for international business. ANSWER: The theory of comparative advantage implies that countries should specialize in production, thereby relying on other countries for some products. Consequently, there is a need for international business. b. Explain how the product cycle theory relates to the growth of anRead MoreThe Islamic Finance and The Sukuk Market1800 Words   |  7 PagesCHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 OVERVIEW The Islamic finance industry has been evolving and growing rapidly for the past decade. The recent global financial meltdown has open opportunity to Islamic finance to offer a new outlooks and effective solutions to economics problems. Economists are now looking to the east, learning lessons and seeing advantage of Islamic finance. Since then, serious research on Islamic financial system has been carried out and Islamic financial system has been an interestingRead MoreForeign Finance And Derivatives Markets944 Words   |  4 PagesInfluenced by my, who has invested in the capital market for nearly twenty years, I have targeted investment banking as my preferred career goal. I studied Finance as an exchange student at Imperial College Business School this summer. In International Finance and Derivative Markets classes, I was totally obsessed by the dancing figures and logical charts in the financial world. 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Since information is reflected in security prices quickly , knowing information when it is relesased does an investorRead MoreCapital Markets, Investment and Finance Essay8037 Words   |  33 PagesCapital Markets, Investment and Finance Assignment 2009/ 2010 â€Å"No one can consistently predict either the direction of the stock market or the relative attractiveness of individual stocks and thus no one can consistently obtain better overall returns than the market. And while there are undoubtedly profitable trading opportunities that occasionally appear, these are quickly wiped out once they become known. No one person or institution has yet to produce a long-term, consistent record of findingRead MoreEfficient Market Hypothesis and Behavioral Finance5921 Words   |  24 PagesEfficient market hypothesis and Behavioral finance Fall 2011 Teacher: Guà °rà ºn Johnsen V-780-BFIM Student: Rà ºnar Guà °nason SSN:1804784939 Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 3 1.1 Efficient market hypothesis .................................................................................................. 3 1.2 A criticism on the efficient market hypothesis ........Read MoreFinance: Stock Market and Learning Objective4554 Words   |  19 PagesChapter 001 The Goals and Functions of Financial Management True / False Questions 1. As finance emerged as a new field, much emphasis was placed on mergers and acquisitions. TRUE Bloom s: Knowledge Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 1 2. 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Ethics In Occidental Engineering- Free Sample

Question: Discuss about the Ethics in Occidental Engineering. Answer: Introduction: The study includes the description of the issues that the employee of Occidental Engineering is suffering for the aggressive bidding for getting the Operation Safe Skies project. The project is for facilitating the air traffic control in the United States. The study also holds the challenges that the project manager and the test engineer faced due to the issue. Aggressiveness of the bid: The Primacy of the Public Interest: The organization must have taken into consideration their financial situation (McShane Von Glinow, 2015). It is because at present this is affecting the ethical integrity of the workers badly. The Enhancement of Quality of Life: It is essential to provide regards to the identified person who gets affected by the work of the employee (Evans, 2013). The promotion of the health and safety is also very essential. Honesty: Wayne Davidson along with his all the co-workers are working effectively and full heartedly in the project for meeting the deadline (Fink, 2014). The issue has been identified regarding providing realistic agreement in terms of the project. Competence: The workers are not misrepresenting their knowledge or skills. The issue is affecting the employee to meet the deadline but all of them are trying their best for completing the task within proposed time. Professional Development: As the project is all about making a prototype, the technologies and methods incorporated within the project are all fresh (Hill et al., 2014). This has pushed the members of the project team to search and innovate new ways for developing the project. All the employees have modified their skill and knowledge to make them effective in the project. The awareness of the workers regarding the issues which have been affecting the profession and the relationship with the public is increasing. Professionalism: Wayne Davidson and all the workers have the right to be treated with respect and dignity. Wayne Davidson has taken a calm, knowledgeable, informed and objective stance in the organization. Each of the workers is responsible for taking a stance against the ones who will stand against these codes (Read, 2012). Consequences to the project client: In this case missing the deadline is happening due to the genuine and unavoidable circumstances. If the deadline is missed then the client will be facing several issues which will affect the reputation of the client. In this case the client is the United States government. The hurry of delivering the product can affect the reliability and effectiveness of it (Evans, 2013). The existing flaw in the system can harm the integrity of the client toward its potential and current stakeholders (Fink, 2014). As the project fund cannot be raised, it will surely affect the efficiency of the air traffic control system. The issues may be not visible at the first time but later on the issues will be identified. The product is highly sensible and responsible of carrying out highly sensible tasks (Rile et al., 2015). Any issue which can affect the functionality of the system will directly affect the national integrity and respect. The below are some of the values of meeting dead line in terms of organization perspective. Good business credit: If the organization acquires good business reputation then it will be capable of attracting more clients and borrow capitals for the projects (Stair Reynolds, 2013). As the organization is currently facing the issue regarding the financial status, it is essential for them to build the reputation high. Improved employee knowledge and skill: The workers knowledge and skill will improve automatically when they will push them for meeting the deadline (Homann, 2016). But as discussed above the issues is not rising due to the lack of efficiency of the organization. Result of Aggressive Bid Being Accepted: It can be easily stated that it was a bad idea of accepting the low bid for getting the air traffic control system project. It is mainly because the organization does not have the financial resources to support the project. As a result the team members of the project are highly affected by the presence of huge amount of work (Du, 2012). As per the organizations perspective, it is affecting the organization culture. The organization is stubborn not to provide any more resource to the project. It is affecting the view of the workers toward the organization. The workers have worked eighteen hours a day at every day. It is because they understand the importance of the project for the organization (Fink, 2014). But when they find out that the organization is not providing any respect to their effort and neither allowing extending the project nor providing any additional resources, they are not feeling to provide same amount of effort. Duties of the project manager before delivering the final product It is the responsibility of the project manager to deliver the final software on the specified time mentioned in the contract. The project manager should also ensure that the resource required for the development of the project is available to the developer (Stair Reynolds, 2013). He also monitors the usage of the resource and maintains relationship between the stakeholders involved in the project. The project manager encourages the workers and motivates them for the building of the software according to the requirement (Rile et al., 2015). He should also address any issues regarding the project by consulting with the top level managers. The project manager should conduct meeting with the higher authorities to extend the project in order to resolve the errors in the final software product. Duties of the test engineer before delivering the final product A software test engineer tests the software product in different scenario and analyses the test result. He also distinguishes between the expected outcome of the product and the result the current version provides (Hill et al., 2014). The software tester should have a good communication skill such that he can make the development team understand the flaws in the software they have developed. The test engineer should firstly build a design for testing the system and in this case the test engineers should disclose all the faults of the system to the project manager and the developer team to address them as soon as possible (Fink, 2014). ACS code of professional conduct There are six ethical issues in the Australian code of ethics and they can be related with the case study of occidental engineering. The 1st code of ethics states that the public interest would be the first priority than the business interest and the case study does not meet this ethical conduct (Leicester, 2016). Occidental engineering should be concerned about the effect of the software product they build in the social environment and the employees should be given some additional benefits for their overtime labour. The 2nd code is also not met in the case study the employees have to work more than 18 hours a day and for all the days and it is against the ethical rule (Lindley et al., 2013). It working hours should be 8 to 9 hours and if the employees want they can work overtime for the company. The 3rd code is fulfilled in the case study the workers are honest enough from their end and a transparency is maintained between the developer team and the test engineer. The 4th code is also maintained that is occidental engineering works with the stakeholders associated with the project (Leicester, 2016). The 5th code of ethics satisfies the case study, occidental engineering wants to develop the company along with its staffs, and Lastly the 6th code states, the integrity of the code is partially fulfilled (Venables et al., 2014). Some of the codes are satisfied to all the stakeholders associated with the development of the project. Recommendation to resolve the ethical dilemma Counsel the ACS code of professional conduct with the code followed by the organization. Talk about the problem with different administrators on the top level such that they are involved at the highest point. The code of ethics can give a strong background based on which it is possible to measure the advantages and disadvantages of organizational needs (Lindley et al., 2013). It also gives a clearer picture of which choice is more in accordance with the organization's ethical duties. Perusing of news articles about different organizations that faced the similar issue in their organization and concentrating on news outlets that covers certain expansive organization choices can also help to take effective decision (Venables et al., 2014). For example, laying off specialists, supporting political applicants and twisting bookkeeping rules, which can have moral effects in the public eye. Conclusion The ethical issue identified in the occidental engineering are discussed in the report. The test engineer and the project manager are concerned with the development of a software that would track the air traffic system. The test engineer found that there was a flaw in the developed software and they need to address the problem but they have limited resource and time. Thus it became an ethical issue and the consequence of the issue is analyses in the report. The result of bidding the project at a low cost is discussed and the role of the project manager and the test engineer is also discussed in the project. The ACS code is applied in the case study and requirements are identified and accordingly some recommendation is provided that would help in resolution of the ethical dilemma. References: Du, D. (2012). Rethinking risks: should socioeconomic and ethical considerations be incorporated into the regulation of genetically modified crops.Harv. JL Tech.,26, 375. Evans, W. A. (2013).Management ethics: An intercultural perspective(Vol. 1). Springer Science Business Media. Fink, C. (2014). Engineering and ethics. Hill, C. W., Jones, G. R., Schilling, M. A. (2014).Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Homann, K. (2016). Theory Strategies of Business Ethics. InOrder Ethics: An Ethical Framework for the Social Market Economy(pp. 37-54). Springer International Publishing. Leicester, N. (2016). Ethics in the IT Profession: Does a Code of Ethics have an Effect on Professional Behaviour?. Lindley, D., Aynsley, B., Driver, M., Godfrey, R., Hart, R., Heinrich, G., ... Wilkinson, K. (2013). 11. Educating for professionalism in ICT: Is learning ethics professional development?.Professionalism in the Information and Communication Technology Industry,3, 211. McShane, S. L., Von Glinow, M. A. (2015). Organizational Behavior 7/e. Read, H. W. (2012). Entrepreneurialism and the ethics of professional engineers. Rile, L. G., Torrecampo Posecion, O., Opulencia, J. C., Tan, N. L. (2015). Imperative Analysis of Management Practices and Business Work Ethics: Impact on Quality of Work Life Among Employees in United Arab Emirates.International Journal of Business and Management Studies,4(02), 341-385. Stair, R., Reynolds, G. (2013).Principles of information systems. Cengage Learning. Venables, A., Tan, G., Pradhan, S. (2014). A collaborative framework for a cross-institutional assessment to shape future IT professionals. Issues in Informing Science and Information Technology, 11, 215-223.

Prison makes bad people worse Essay Example

Prison makes bad people worse Essay In the UK the prisons have a maximum capacity of 80,000 inmates. At the end of April 2004 the number of people serving custodial sentences rose to above 82,000. The prisons in the UK are currently over capacity. Where are the extra 2000 inmates if there is no room for them? (Johnson 2004) For the purpose of this essay the statement that prison makes bad people worse is assumes to mean that serving a custodial sentence increases the likelihood of an offender re-offending. Before an attempt is made to examine the issue in questions a brief history of the prison system will be explored in an attempt to understand how prison has come to be the most serious method of punishment in the UK today. Prisons as mere places of confinement have existed for many years. Prisons as we know them today-places to which offenders are sent to receive punishment, there also to be worked on and changed-are a feature of modernity, a product of the industrial age. Since the abolition of the death penalty in 1965 imprisonment has been the most serious penalty the courts can impose in Britain. We will write a custom essay sample on Prison makes bad people worse specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Prison makes bad people worse specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Prison makes bad people worse specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The punishment of imprisonment for sentenced prisoners might be both loss of liberty and harsh living conditions in the name of less eligibility or deterrence (Morgan, R 1997). Prior to the nineteenth century punishment for criminals was very different. The focus of punishment in these historic times was the body. Punishments were physical in nature with execution and torture being combined with public humiliation. Within just a few decades the brutal torture and public humiliations stopped. The body was no longer the major target for penal repression. Punishment ceased to be centred on torture as a technique of pain; it assumed as its principle object loss of wealth or rights. While this type of punishment apparently now focuses on the soul rather than the body it could be argued in many ways that imprisonment as a punishment does concern the body in a more indirect manner by rationing of food, sexual deprivation and solitary confinement . This trace of torture is enveloped increasingly, by the non-corporal nature of todays penal system (Foucault 1977). There are different arguments for the reason behind this shift from punishment in a physical manner to imprisonment. An orthodox approach argued that the reason for this was due to humanitarianism a (Portsmouth University 2003). nd reform, a more humane and civilized alternative to the brutality of earlier years Foucault (1977) argued that this was not the case; he believed that the reason for the changes was the defining of a new age, better punishment by operating not on bodies or fear but on the reform of offenders into the disciplined subject. Regardless of Foucaults argument the one factor that underpins punishment in the UK today is Human Rights. The 1998 Human Rights Act sets out a number of conventions which all people have a right to. The Prisons Inspectorate has developed the concept of a Healthy Prison which is based on the World Health Organisations four tests of what constitutes a healthy custodial environment which is based upon international human rights principles. These four tests are: that prisoners are held in safety; that they are treated with respect and dignity as human beings; that they are able to engage in purposeful activity; and that they are prepared for resettlement (Owers, A 2003). Punishment needs justification because it is something which is harmful, painful or unpleasant to the recipient. Prison causes physical discomfort, psychological pain, indignity and general unhappiness along with a number of social disadvantages which lead to offenders becoming socially excluded. There are a number of justifications or theories for punishment. Reductivism justifies punishment on the grounds that it helps to reduce the incidence of crime. It is claimed by supporters of this theory that if punishment is inflicted the incidence of crime will be less then if no punishment were imposed (Cavadino Dignan 1997) These arguments are supported by utilitarianism; a moral theory founded by Jeremy Bentham which stated that the greatest good was defined by the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. Society as a whole is given greater weight than the individual (Abercrombie, Hill Turner 1988). Many theories of punishment come under the heading of Reductivism and are assumed to reduce the levels of crime. Deterrence is the idea that crime is reduced because of peoples fear of the punishment they may receive if they offend. Deterrence is divided into two categories, individual deterrence where an individual commits a crime and finds the punishment so unpleasant that the offence is not repeated fro the fear of the same happening again. General deterrence is when the punishment of a crime does not deter the offender who committed it but the crime is meant to put others off from committing the same crime. While it may seem common sense that this would be effective in reality this is not the case. Research has shown that punishment has other effects which out weigh any deterrence. The catching and imprisoning of offenders leads to them being labelled as criminals and this labelling process makes it difficult for them live law abiding lives. Their self image can change from a law abiding one to that of a deviant and this impacts on their behaviour (Cavadino Dignan 1997). It could be said with this evidence in mind that prison makes people worse. Rehabilitation theory is based on the notion that punishment can take a form which will improve an individuals character and behaviour and reduce the likelihood of them re-offending. The main aim of the probation service is the rehabilitation of offenders and the central aim of the prison system is the treatment and training of offenders (Portsmouth University 2003). One of prisons main priorities to assist in the rehabilitation of offenders is the provision of accredited offending behaviour programmes for prisoners which are based on evidence-based practice. Home Office research found no evidence between re-conviction rates for prisoners who had participated in programmes. The study suggested that there has been a shift in programme targeting to low risk offenders who are not suitable for the cognitive-behavioural approaches used. A report by the Social Exclusion Unit demonstrates that any positive effects that come from the offending programmes are far outweighed by the damage that the overall prison experience inflicts (Solomon, E, 2003). Another important point to note about rehabilitation in prison is that offenders who are serving short sentences do not get access to these programmes and it is these offenders who are more likely to get caught in the revolving door of the Criminal Justice System. This evidence does not directly indicate that prison makes bad people worse but neither does it demonstrate that prison can reform bad people. The theory of incapacitation does not centre on the idea that changing the behaviour of the offender will reduce crime but the notion of public protection. Whilst the offender is incarcerated he or she will not be able to commit further crime and this in turn will reduce crime. Along with this is the notion that the members of the public will feel safer knowing that they will not fall victim to a perpetrator who is locked up (Ainsworth 2000). James Q Wilson (1975) stated that a twenty percent reduction in street robbery could be achieved by locking up offenders for longer (Cavadino Dignan 1997). In reality this would result in a massive increase in prison numbers which due to the fact that prisons are already full would be impossible. With retribution theory punishment is an attempt by the victim and society to redress the balance between offenders and offended by seeing that the perpetrator is punished and suffers accordingly. This knowledge that the culprit is suffering may make victims feel that they have had their pound of flesh (Ainsworth 2000). Retribution theory is the opposite of reductionism. Where reductionism looks forward at the effects of punishment retribution looks back at the offence and believes that in some way two wrongs will make a right. In many cases retribution and reductionism are combined in a compromise situation and punishment is justified if it is both deserved by the offender and likely to act as a deterrent (Cavadino Dignan 1997). The justifications for punishment are wide and there are many more than are noted here. Regardless of the justification for sending a person to prison the important factor to be considered is the impact that a custodial sentence has on an individual prisoner. When talking about deterrence as a justification for prison, labelling theory was explored as a possibility for making prisoners more likely to re-offend due to them trying to fit into a role. Expanding this further is the idea of conformity, where an individual conforms to social rules or assumes a role because it is the norm. Social roles are built on a polarity such as powerful and powerless. These kinds of roles exist in the prison setting with the inmates being powerless and the prison officers powerful. An important question that needs to be examined is how easy it is for people to assume a role. A key study was carried out in 1973 by Psychologist Zimbardo which investigated this. Volunteers were recruited to take part in a two week study on prison life. 25 men took part in the study; each person was assigned the role of either prisoner or guard. These roles were assigned by the toss of a coin so that each participant had an equal chance of being prisoner or guard. The mock prison was in the basement of Stanford University. The results of the study were shocking. The prisoners were increasingly passive and dependant as the days went by and the guards became increasingly aggressive. One prisoner had to be release just 36 hours after the study began because of uncontrollable crying and fits of rage along with disorganised thinking and severe depression. Three more prisoners were released on successive days with similar symptoms. A fifth prisoner was released when he developed a rash over his whole body following his parole being rejected. The experiment, which was meant to run for two weeks, had to be stopped after 6 days because of the pathological reactions of the prisoners who had originally been selected for their normality. Throughout the experiment social power was the major dimension. All the guards at some point behaved in abusive, authoritarian way and appeared to enjoy the power and control (Gross 1996). Zimbardo argued that the abnormal behaviour demonstrated is best viewed as a product of transactions within an environment that supports such behaviour. The participants were labelled and put in a situation where these labels became valid and elicit pathological behaviour (Portsmouth University 2003). The main concern with the results of the Zimbardo experiment is the implications that it has for the prison system. Zimbardo believes that the current prison system is guaranteed to generate severe enough pathological reactions is prisoners and guards to debase their humanity, lower their feelings of self-worth and make it difficult for them to be part of society outside of prison (Portsmouth University 2003). This evidence is a clear demonstration of how labelling and conformity theories are evidence for prison making bad people worse. The inmates assume the role expected of them and find it difficult to leave this role when they are released. The work of Zimbardo leads neatly to a sociological idea of a prison subculture or a inmate code. This theory is demonstrated throughout prisons regardless of the justification for punishment. Prison is a society within a society with distinctive structure, aims, values and practices separate from the wider society. The inmate code is something which all prisoners adhere to. The is code includes not informing on other prisoners, not fraternising with staff, a need to be tough and resist exploitation and a need to maintain ones position in the prison pecking order. Violations of these roles are often controlled via bullying (Ireland 2002). This prisonisation process does not help with rehabilitation but acts as a breeding ground which provides reinforcement for criminal behaviour. The inmates become socialized into the way of life which demands opposition to authority and the formal system represented by the prison staff. Any attempts at reform are neutralized by this. According to Sykes (1958) this inmate code is developed to help inmates cope with the pain and deprivation of imprisonment. There is much evidence about the sociology of prison and about the current penal crisis which concerns overcrowding as one of the main factors. The fact of the matter is that prison has a poor record in reducing re-offending 59% of prisoners are reconvicted within 2 years of release. The reconviction rate for male young adults (under 21) over the same period is 74%. For prisoners who are sentenced for burglary, one of the most common offences, the reconviction rate is 75%. It has been concluded by research from the Social Exclusion Unit that re-offending by ex-prisoners costs society at least i 11 billion each year. Ex -prisoners are responsible for approximately one in five recorded crimes (Solomon, E, 2003). This is not direct evidence to suggest that the reason these people have re-offended is because they have served a custodial sentence which has made them worse. The evidence merely raises questions about the use of prison as a punishment for some offences. Prison is the right place for many criminals but the wrong place for others. Those convicted of violent crimes should be given custodial sentences. Prison has an important role to play in protecting the public from those who cause harm and punishing crimes that society takes most seriously. It is also right that there are many offenders who should not be taken into custody when they could be dealt with appropriately in the community. Community penalties allow offender to repay their debt to society rather than warehousing them in prison.

Free Essays on E-Business

E-Business Comparison In today’s market there are many selections for the consumer. Not only do you have your traditional retail outlets but also now a person can shop form the comfort of their own home on the Internet. Most every company has some sort of Internet site; some just with corporate information but most sell their product directly on the Internet. There are two types of Internet retailers, Click and Brick, which is a company that has both Internet and Retail stores, and Click and Click, which is a retailer that sells solely on the Internet. Both types of companies can be very successful and the following is a compare and contrast of both. An example of a Click and Brick company is Hat World. Hat World is a retail outlet that specializes in sports headwear. They are the largest mall chain in the United States with 420 stores. Hat World grew to these numbers in less than 10 years so it can be said that they are a successful retail company. However the retail stores were only scratching the surface of the business that Hat World had waiting for them on the Internet. Hat World.com has been another overwhelming success for Hat World’s business. Now customers can shop for their favorite sports team’s hat without even leaving the comfort of their own home or they can stop by Hat World at their favorite mall. Hat World can sell their product at any time of the day to many more customers than their 420 stores can reach. Their online shopping also adds another dimension and that is the ability to return items purchased online to the retail store in the mall. The convenience of shopping at Hat World is ou tstanding. It seems that Hat World could possibly move to a complete on-line retailer and save the expenses of operating a retail facility. However, they could lose not only the convenience factor but also the recognition of millions of Americans walking past your store on a daily basis. It would be very hard t... Free Essays on E-Business Free Essays on E-Business E-Business Comparison In today’s market there are many selections for the consumer. Not only do you have your traditional retail outlets but also now a person can shop form the comfort of their own home on the Internet. Most every company has some sort of Internet site; some just with corporate information but most sell their product directly on the Internet. There are two types of Internet retailers, Click and Brick, which is a company that has both Internet and Retail stores, and Click and Click, which is a retailer that sells solely on the Internet. Both types of companies can be very successful and the following is a compare and contrast of both. An example of a Click and Brick company is Hat World. Hat World is a retail outlet that specializes in sports headwear. They are the largest mall chain in the United States with 420 stores. Hat World grew to these numbers in less than 10 years so it can be said that they are a successful retail company. However the retail stores were only scratching the surface of the business that Hat World had waiting for them on the Internet. Hat World.com has been another overwhelming success for Hat World’s business. Now customers can shop for their favorite sports team’s hat without even leaving the comfort of their own home or they can stop by Hat World at their favorite mall. Hat World can sell their product at any time of the day to many more customers than their 420 stores can reach. Their online shopping also adds another dimension and that is the ability to return items purchased online to the retail store in the mall. The convenience of shopping at Hat World is ou tstanding. It seems that Hat World could possibly move to a complete on-line retailer and save the expenses of operating a retail facility. However, they could lose not only the convenience factor but also the recognition of millions of Americans walking past your store on a daily basis. It would be very hard t...