Environmental Laws And Its Effects On The United States

During the late 1700s, many Americans advocated for social justice, economic empowerment, property rights and environmental protection. Their advocacy created a national phenomenon that empowered government and policymakers to execute policies aimed at solving these problems nationwide. The government again took action to enact numerous laws, some of which became the foundation for modern environmental policy and regulations in the United States. â€Å"On the national level, the first federal action to respond to public concerns about air quality was the Clean Air Act of 1955† (Longhurst and Lewis 2010, 39).The implementation of some of these newly created environmental laws began to interfere with state regulations, and as such, they often violated citizen’s property rights. Although such policy oftentimes violates citizen rights, it allows government and policymakers to respond to the growing population and market demand. Infringement on property rights did not just t ake root in the environmental sector in the 1800s. It started as a result of massive construction, inadequate hazardous waste disposal systems, and overpopulation due to urbanization and economic growth in the nineteenth century. It became clear that uncontrolled pollution, including underwater pollutions, led to the spread of environmental disease, thus affecting human health and safety. The federal government understood that the negative effects of unrestrained urbanization were posing a major challenge for itsShow MoreRelatedEnvironmental Pollution And Natural Resource Management1248 Words   |  5 Pagesdiseases and many more environmental problems. As the result of this, a evolving of transboundary effects of environmental pollution and natural resource management, soil erosion environmental problem and degradation continues to happen as the result of global trade which is becoming the pillar of many of our environmental problems and such problem are no longer national problem but an international one. Due to this, international trade has had profound impact on environmental pollution, deforestationRead MoreEnvironmental Factors1188 Words   |  5 PagesEnvironmental Factors Week 5 Chris Eden MKT/421 January 28, 2013 Environmental factors are identifiable elements in the physical, cultural, demographic, economic, political, regulatory, and technological environment that affect the survival, operations, and growth of an organization. A global organization such as McDonalds has to take into consideration these environmental factors to continue to grow outside the borders of the United States. This paper will analyze global economic interdependenceRead MoreEnvironmental Challenges Facing The American Auto Industry Essay775 Words   |  4 PagesEnvironmental Challenges facing the American Auto Industry The American Auto Industry has evolved for many decades with pioneers such as Ford Motor Company. The United States Auto Industry was once upon a time a global leader in the automotive industry but due to knowledge and skills acquisition by other automobile manufacturers such as Toyota, the once American Auto Industry leadership has been surpassed. I will give discuss this following paragraphs. Global Competition in the Industry So far theRead MoreEnvironmental Issues Of Environmental Justice1746 Words   |  7 PagesEnvironmental justice is a term coined in the United States that usually deals with two different things. One is the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies. The other is a mixed body of social science literature pertaining to anything from environmental laws to political ecology. Primarily based around the conceptRead MoreOutcome of RIO earth summit 19921626 Words   |  7 Pagessustainable development. Acknowledging the twin crises of poverty and the environment. About the Conference†¦ United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) 2 week conference Largest gathering of world leaders in history â€Å"historic moment for humanity† Influenced all subsequent UN conferences Why†¦ To discuss and reconcile major worldwide development issues with environmental protection in view Global Warming Sustainable Development Preservation of Tropical Rain Forests When WhereRead MoreThe Love Canal Crisis : An Epidemic1709 Words   |  7 PagesJames Daniel Mr. Peters Honors Environmental Science 11 November 2016 A Civil Action The Love Canal crisis is an epidemic that will shake the roots of this country for centuries. From 1942 to 1953 a landfill in Niagara Falls area known as the Love Canal; which is named after 18th-century famous entrepreneur William T. Love who had an aspiration to connect two levels of the Niagara River, which evidentially separated by Niagara Falls. His plan sought to integrate a canal that would utilizeRead MoreCommand And Control Policy. Student’S Name:. Institution:.1523 Words   |  7 Pagescountries like the United States of America enacted command and control policies to try and curb the rate of pollution of the environment (Davies Mazurek, 2014 ). This paper will explain the command and control policy, give an example where the policy has been used, outline how it has fared since its enactment and the economic principle behind its design. About the policy When the United States began enacting environmental laws in the 1760s and 1970s, one particular law specified how muchRead MoreToyota Motor Corporation Of Japan Essay768 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Auto Industry has evolved for many decades with pioneers such as Ford Motor Company. The United States Auto Industry was once upon a time a global leader in the automotive industry but due to knowledge and skills acquisition by other automobile manufacturers such as Toyota, the once American Auto Industry leadership has been surpassed. I will give discuss this following paragraphs. Global Competition in the Industry So far the Toyota Motor Corporation of Japan has surpassed all the AmericanRead MoreEssay on Environmental Racism1450 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscusses acts of racism, slander or the stereotyping of a group of people may come to mind. However, the concept of environmental racism is rarely considered. This form of racism positions dominant environmental framing as racially driven, in which people of color (i.e. minorities) are affected disproportionately by poor environmental practices. Communities of color throughout the United States have become the dumping grounds for our nation’s waste disposal, as well as home to agricultural and/or manufacturingRead MoreThe Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program1355 Words   |  6 Pagesstill continue to operate and fulfill their obligations to their stockholders by making a profit. Prior to the current trend of environmental interest, certain industries had negatively affected the environment in the course of doing normal business. As a resu lt, governments have enacted laws that limited the amount of pollution that a firm can release. One such law is the Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program, which in a nutshell, stipulates mandatory reporting of greenhouse gases released by certain

Being Classified As Brain Dead - 1580 Words

In the medical world, we are sometimes placed into situations with an undesirable outcome. The least desirable outcome imaginable to being pronounced dead, or in our scenario, being labeled â€Å"brain dead†. Being classified as brain dead, is not an easy diagnosis to be made, and is defined as â€Å"irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brain, including the brain stem, is dead.† Throughout the course of assessing the articles provided, we learned about a patient by the name of Jahi McMath who had tonsillectomy performed at the Children’s Hospital Oakland. Upon entering the procedure, the family was told the procedure was considered normal. Unfortunately, approximately thirty minutes after the procedure, Jahi begin to experience†¦show more content†¦With scientific data, the medical team wanted to take Jahi off the ventilator after seven days, because research has proven there is less than 1% of recoveries after a seven-day period. The do ctors ultimately viewed removing Jahi from the ventilator after seven days as an ethical decision due to scientific data, however, the family became distort and wished to keep Jahi on the ventilator. As the doctors explained why they would not keep her on a ventilator, the family obtained a restraining order on the medical team and requested to switch their daughter to a new medical center that stated they would keep her on the ventilator. The family was ethically challenged because they did not want to let their daughter go, although they did not know what their daughter’s wishes were since she was brain dead. The doctors argued with the family saying they did not want to transport the child, because she was already labeled brain dead. After much arguing, the family turned to the courts. The family fought hard to obtain the restraining order, because they thought there was still life. Although the family wanted to believe there was still a possibility of life, they must be e thical in their decisions as well. Was filing a restraint order necessary, or simply just a way to maintain hope? As the court case grew between the Children’s Hospital and the family of Jahi, question came about of other testsShow MoreRelatedWho Is An Organ Donor Right?853 Words   |  4 PagesHero or Heartless Donating an organ, whether it is before or after dead, is seen by society as the right thing to do, but at what cost. Being asked to become an organ donor right before getting our license is almost always a yes. Death is one of the farthest things from our mind and when we are asked this question we would rather live life knowing our organs could be used to save someone’s life. But this simple checkmark or heart can sometimes be used against us; because there are so many peopleRead MoreHuman Being Should Be Classified As Dead917 Words   |  4 Pagesdetermine if a human being should be classified as dead. This includes a lack of receptivity and response to external stimuli, absence of spontaneous muscular movement and spontaneous breathing, absence of observable reflexes, and an absence of brain activity. For those of us who have experienced the death of a loved one, it can be tough to grasp the ultimatum of death and its finality. In the case of Jahi McMath, a tonsillectomy gone wrong resulted in cardiac arrest and ultimately brain death for the 13Read MoreThe Death Of Burying The Dead1715 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION Throughout our lives, we have buried our dead. It is a normal process, embedded into our culture since, to what seems so to us at least, the beginning. However, we never thought to ask ourselves when actually this practice began. Also we never thought to ask if we were the only ones to entomb our dead in a ritualistic way. There is evidence of our distant cousins Homo neanderthalensis, or Neanderthal, exhibit similar burial practices that we do to this day. Neanderthal sites often haveRead MoreEssay On The Discovery Of Hominid Fossils Deep In A Cave In South Africa1481 Words   |  6 Pagesspecimens including teeth, skulls, ribs, jaws, a nearly complete foot and a hand with nearly all bones intact. In all, at least 15 hominid individuals were represented in the bones that were brought up for analysis. Named Homo naledi by Berger, who classified the remains as the Homo genus, the 2015 publication of the discovery created questions and controversy in the physical anthropology community. The remains of Homo naledi showed evidence of both primitive and derived traits (curved fingers and ape-likeRead MoreWhere were You on 9/11?937 Words   |  4 Pagesafter I got out of the shower at 9:06am I heard that another airplane hit the South Tower. Now being from New Jersey and knowing the travel restrictions that surround New York City; at that exact moment I started to come to the realization that our Nation may be under attack. Well just as I was finished getting dressed and heading to morning formation we found out the Drummonds2 Pentagon, which is the brain for all branches of the military had just been attacked by an airplane. Now as I remember hearingRead MoreTaking a Look at Schizophrenia 1626 Words   |  6 Pagesdisorder primarily affected the brain and was a just one form of dementia. In fact, he believed that schizophrenia was the early stages of dementia while Alzheimer’s disease was the later stage of dementia (Delisi 2008). Further development came in 1911 through introduction of the term schizophrenia by a Swiss psychiatrist, Eugen Bleuler. Bleuler believed that schizophrenia was different from dementia as the disorder did not always lead to deterioration of the brain or affect the elderly people onlyRead MoreThe Disease Of Alzheimer s Disease Essay1482 Words   |  6 PagesAlzheimer’s disease is a degenerative brain disease that is seen in the elderly. It is the most common form of dementia, which is a general term for memory loss and other intellectual abilities serious enough to interfere with daily life (Alzheimer’s Disease Dementia). Alzheimer’s is one of the leading causes of death in America. Dementia and Alzheimer’s have been around for centuries, but Alzheimer’s disease wasn’t first described until 1906 by Dr. Aloysius Alzheimer. In the past, there was aRead Morearguments against the flu vaccine1311 Words   |  6 Pagesis toxic to the fetus and chi ldren and efforts should be made to reduce exposure to the extent possible to pregnant women and children as well as the general population† (AAP. Pediatrics- para 8, 2001). 2 Phenoxyethanol is an anti bacterial agent being used as a replacement for the preservative Thimerosal. This industrial ingredient is used in perfumes, insect repellents, antiseptics, germicides and dyes. According to the Material safety data sheet( MSDS) 2 Phenoxyethanol is harmful if swallowedRead MoreCritical Analysis of Giorgio Agamben Essays885 Words   |  4 Pageshomo sacer – literally translated to ‘sacred man’ – to describe a life which can be â€Å"eliminated without punishment† , one that possesses no value to the state and therefore can be terminated without the act being considered a crime. Examples of this can be seen in people who experience ‘brain death’ and subsequently have their life support machine switched off, and in people in prison camps such as Guantanamo Bay. However, the biggest example we are given of bare life, is in the Jewish Ghettos andRead MoreWhy is Football becoming so Dangerous?1421 Words   |  6 Pagesyou get hit and then your head bangs against your skull. Some concussions can be life threating. â€Å"43,000 to 67,000 high schoolers get concussions per year.† Commentary: many athletes fail to report their symptoms like headaches, blacking out, and being dicey. other common types of injuries are muscle strains, and ligament sprains. â€Å"Muscle strains and Ligament sprains are the most common injuries that cause back pain in the young athlete. They can be caused by athletic overuse, improper body mechanics

The Public Losing Confidence in Capitalism Samples for Student

Question: What Is the Value of Public Losing Confidence in Capitalism? Answer: Introducation: Public Losing Confidence in Capitalism The current study is on the lookout to explain the theories that are pertinent to the document published in The Australian Financial Review with respect to the Public Losing Confidence in Capitalism. The Chairperson of Orica Mr Malcolm Broomhead revealed his sentiments regarding the factor that human beings are mislaying their confidence over capitalism. The document with respect to the positivism theory has discovered that common people has reduced their trust on the system of capitalism due to their fact that capitalism has an objective of increasing the profit of an organization themselves and neglecting the interests of the community and the individuals(Financial Review 2017). With regards to the positivism theory, the system of capitalism has expanded in their importance due to ineffective control on the rate of exchange and the government focusing more on the taxation polices over the monetary policies that limits the capitalist process to exploit their supremacy. It is seen that these were the some of the major causes that created financial catastrophes that predisposed the common man to reduce their confidence over capitalism. Malcolm gave the evidence that the effect of United States of America electing Mr Donald Trump as their President and the elected voters of United Kingdom decided to exit the BREXIT discovers the elimination of trust over capitalism by the common people and in relation to the normative theory, people are under the expectation that these transformations can enhance their living standards and their regimes(Kroker and Weinstein 2015). It is observed that capitalist system gradually started to reduce the confidence of the public since the effect of the financial disaster that occurred globally in 2008. The impact of financial crisis and common people losing expectations was due to the theory of positivism. The ineffectual policies of the government regarding the rate of interest, rate of exchange, policies of trade and the different other disparaging controls were few of the important causes that was the main result of financial disaster(Mackey and Sisodia 2014).. The ineffectiveness of the government and the activities of the business that is regarded as the positivism economic theory had demotivated the individuals and thus the lay man made the decision to move away from the globalized business process and the bodies of the government to a simpler world. The normative theory describes there is a requirement for changes in the functions of the operations of the business that functions in the economy so that the faith of capitalist system can be regained from the perspectives of the public, which should be part of the answer and not the factor behind their problems. The theory of positivism describes that inadequacy in the efficiency of the policies of the government and inaccurate business plans is the main reason for the increase in inflation and immobility in the economy(Zingales 2014). The deficits of the government that were not anticipated and the increase in the trade gap were the significant symbols that discovered the expiration of the capitalist economy. The awareness among the individuals regarding the conditions of the economy was increasing slowly as the standard of living and the income of the people were falling slowly. It is even seen that the price of the commodities were rising in bounds and leaps but the consumers income were falling. Mr Malcolm with regards to the normative theory made a distinctive statement that it is significant to recuperate the faith of the common people by making them conscious about the fact that wealth distribution is impossible without wealth creation(Streeck 2014). The other factor that was highlighted with regards to the loss of confidence over capitalism was the multifaceted structure of the organizations. The vital objective of the individuals who are investing in an organizations is to earn revenue. Conversely, the composite configuration of the incentives of the employees had an effect on the incomprehensible causes and therefore, it was not an inspiration for the internal and external stakeholders and the employees of the firms(Beckert 2013). It is observed that the reports about incentives are extremely problematic to realize and the conclusive end-result of their remunerations still remains unknown till the concluding day. Mr Malcolm had an impression of altering the structure of incentives in the firms and raising the total number of shareholders by allocating shares to the internal employees so that an improved incentive can be created and establishing procedures that are controllable among the employees. Thus, it is observed that the evaluation is on the basis of normative and positivism theories and the document discovers that the most significant cause for the loss of confidence among the people on capitalism is mainly due to the government regulations that are unproductiveand the multifaceted structure of compensation of the capitalist business. The management is in the impression of creating profit but are worried about the wellbeing of the community. With the help of this document, Mr Malcolm tried to suggest all the firms and the government that are operating in the market to influence and motivate individuals about the significance of growing wealth will lead to the circulation of wealth in the economy leading to the increase in the standard of living of the individuals. It is even suggested that the firms start changing their structure of the business and the recommend the governments to change their regulations to bring out a optimistic appearance about capitalism within the public. The documents reveals that Mr Malcolm has associated the normative and the positivism theories with the document to create the document more understandable and specific to the readers. In the Books of Elk Ltd. Journal Entries Date Particulars Amount Amount 31/08/2019 Bank A/c Dr. (340000x0.50) 170000 To, Share Application A/c 170000 (Being Applications for shares received for 340,000 shares at $0.50 per share) 31/08/2019 Share Application A/c Dr 170000 To, Equity Share Capital A/c (300000*0.50) 150000 To, Share Allotment A/c (40000*0.50) 20000 (Being share application for 300000 shares transferred to the share capital and the rest 40000 shares transferred to allotment ) 01-09-2019 Share Allotment A/c Dr. (300000*1) 300000 To, Equity Share Capital A/c 300000 (Allotment of 300,000 shares) (Being share allotment due for 300000 shares @ $1 ) 30-09-2019 Bank A/c Dr. 280000 To, Share Allotment A/c 280000 (Being share allotted on 280,000 shares @ $1) 01-12-2019 Share First Call A/c Dr. (300000*0.50) 150000 To, Equity Share capital A/c 150000 (Being share first call due on 300000 shares @ $0.50) 31-12-2019 Bank A/c Dr. (280000*0.50) 140000 To, Share First Call A/c 140000 (Being share call received on 280000 shares @ $0.50 and 20000 shares failed to pay) 15-01-2020 Equity Share Capital A/c Dr. (20000*2) 40000 To, Share First Call A/c (20000*0.50) 10000 To Share Forfeiture A/c (20000*0.50) 10000 (Being 20000 shares forfeited on the non-payment of the call) 15-02-2020 Bank A/c Dr. (20000*1.70) 34000 Share Forfeiture A/c (20000*0.30) 6000 To Equity Share Capital A/c (20000*2) 40000 (Being 20000 shares reissued @ $1.70 per share) 15-02-2020 Cost of Re-Issue A/c Dr. 8000 To, Bank A/c 8000 (Expenses of reissue paid) 15-02-2020 Share Forfeiture A/c Dr. 4000 To, Bank A/c 4000 (Surplus returned to the original shareholders) Particulars: Carrying Amount Fair Value Impairment Proportion Land 150000 150000 40.54% Buildings 280000 Less: Depreciation 120000 160000 160000 43.24% Inventory 60000 60000 16.22% Total 370000 370000 1 Particulars Carrying Amount Fair Value Impairment Value Goodwill 12000 0 12000 Machinery 140000 Less: Depreciation 60000 80000 75000 5000 Particulars Carrying Amount Fair Value Impairment Proportion Land 150000 150000 40.54% Buildings 280000 Less: Depreciation 120000 160000 160000 43.24% Inventory 60000 60000 16.22% Total 370000 370000 1 Particulars Carrying Amount Fair Value Impairment Value Goodwill 12000 0 12000 Machinery 140000 Less: Depreciation 60000 80000 75000 5000 Dr. Cr. Date Particulars Amount Amount 30/06/20X4 Impairment Loss A/c. 142000 Goodwill A/c. 12000 Machinery A/c. 5000 Land A/c. 50676 Building A/c. 54054 Inventory A/c. 20270 Reference Beckert, J., 2013. Capitalism as a system of expectations: Toward a sociological microfoundation of political economy. Politics Society, 41(3), pp.323-350. Du, K., Givoly, D. and Alhusaini, B., 2017. The Impact of the Codification of Accounting Standards on Compliance and Reporting Costs, and its Usefulness for Empirical Research. Financial Review. (2017).Orica chair Malcolm Broomhead says confidence in capitalism is waning. [online] Available at: https://www.afr.com/business/mining/orica-chair-malcolm-broomhead-says-confidence-in-capitalism-is-waning-20161215-gtbr5n [Accessed 31 Mar. 2017]. Kroker, A. and Weinstein, M.A., 2015. The political economy of virtual reality: pan-capitalism. CTheory, pp.3-15. Mackey, J. and Sisodia, R., 2014. Conscious capitalism, with a new preface by the authors: Liberating the heroic spirit of business. Harvard Business Review Press. Radebaugh, L.H., 2014. Environmental factors influencing the development of accounting objectives, standards and practices in Peru. The international Journal of Accounting Education and Research. Urbana, 11(1), pp.39-56. Streeck, W., 2014. Buying time: The delayed crisis of democratic capitalism. Verso Books. Zingales, L., 2014. A capitalism for the people: Recapturing the lost genius of American prosperity. Basic books.

The Trichotomy of Me free essay sample

Sometimes I feel as if I am three people inhabiting one body. I was born Rebecca M. in New York City and a few days later at synagogue I was also named Rivka, my Hebrew name. As a teenager, I rejected both these names and asked people to call me Becca. Now, at age 17, I contemplate how I will reconcile these three names but more so, these three identities. Rebecca; the beautiful name on my birth certificate that I share with the ghost in Daphne Du Maurier’s novel, Kirstie Alley’s character on Cheers, and Pocahontas. Since I escaped the womb, the name Rebecca has been the name my family calls me. It is the name associated with all of my legal papers. It is the name my teachers call me, the person who flourishes in academia. Rebecca is my serious mood, the person who gets things done. She is the one who learned to read at age two, started tutoring her classmates in second grade, and facilitates classroom discussions. We will write a custom essay sample on The Trichotomy of Me or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She is the bookworm, the brainiac, but unfortunately, the moderate. While Rebecca’s head is full of knowledge, it floats among cumulus clouds. Unlike her conservative and liberal alter egos, Rebecca is too concerned with maintaining homeostasis, getting good grades, and steering clear of all drama. She resists most societal temptations teenagers call â€Å"fun† by labeling them as foolish detractors. While sometimes a bore, prudish, good-ole-clean fun type of gal, Rebecca always means well and is determined to succeed. Next we have Rivka, the conservative, religious Jew who is trying to come closer to her faith in hopes of being a better person. Most don’t know of her existence, as the only people who utter that name are old yeshiva teachers, Israeli relatives, and the occasional zealous friend questioning where her moral compass lies at that particular moment. She is the one who wants to dress modestly, give money to charity, help people with their problems, and guard her tongue from speaking evil. She devotes her time and energy after school to preside over her school’s Judaic Cultural Society and coordinates other Jewish Student Unions in the New York City area, serves on the regional board of her Jewish youth group, and learns the weekly Torah portion. Ultimately, she is the liaison between her secular and Jewish worlds, explaining the misconceptions of both to the respective parties, but also striving to serve as a good role model for her mentees. The newest character to the bunch is the eccentric, free-spirited liberal named Becca. Becca emerged the summer before seventh grade at camp, eager to make a fresh start, earn a new reputation, and have more social mobility. She unfortunately was a closeted experiment throughout middle school, only known to that group of camp friends. Becca’s debut was freshman year of high school, though still unsure of the journey she was about to embark on, and not self-confident enough to tell the world. Joining the school literary magazine and Writopia Lab’s writing workshops really helped her gain more of a sense of self. In order for this new character to thrive, she needed to be exposed to new people and things. The bookish yeshiva girl soon befriended two gay peers who after coming out of the closet themselves, helped her unleash her true sociable self to the world. Becca became an activist and a leader. She joined her school’s Gay-Straight Alliance and the Write On for Israel journalism and advocacy program. She also became an intern at Columbia University Sociology where she worked on the Understanding Autism project. She was campaigning for causes that mattered to her, but at the same time was also releasing inhibitions, becoming more open minded and trying new things. Becca was the one who started going to art museums, trying new cuisine, and attempting to dance. In order to adapt socially, she had to be aware of her surroundings. She became increasingly interested in global affairs, cultures, and lifestyles. She is the energetic, confident young woman who makes connections and networks of people. Without Becca, somehow Rebecca and Rivka seem lacking, she provides that edge and true character. These three personalities fight inside of me just like, oddly enough, Jacob and Esau fought inside of Rebecca, my biblical namesake. I have learned that it is okay to be different parts of you at different occasions, but nonetheless I am trying to brake down the walls of these characters and seamlessly be one personality. The way this will happen is to continue exposing myself to more culture both my own, and others, so that I can more fully appreciate what I have and be able to be all three of me at once. For now, I offer you three great people for just one admissions seat!

Films As Primary Sources For History Essays - Film Genres

Films As Primary Sources For History Films as primary sources for history If a picture is worth a thousand words than how much is a moving picture, or movie, worth? In the study of history, the usage of movies as primary sources is controversial. Motion pictures are more commonly well-known as sources and created for entertainment purposes. Film is a creation of a reality. This has some valuable resources for the study of history in many respects. They may or may not be representational, and some may include writing or printing. Some can be categorized as fine art, others as documentary record. Originality may or may not be important, and the content may or may not be the primary focus. History is made by people - in a sense that it is written by people positioned in time and in location, living under a certain political regime, in a certain cultural arena, and having an access to certain interpretative schemes. There are many different types of films. Documentaries and news (newsreels in some instances) are one of the most widely recognized and less-controversial in the study of history since their purpose is not purely entertainment but instead the exploration of an aspect of the world around us. In many respects, they are exposing history as it is happening. Yet with even these films, it should be realized that they are the interpretation of the director/producer, the camera angles are chosen, the people interview are chosen, the information portrayed is chosen. Yet it still retains its advantages. This is the past at its most immediate, valuable for its record of social and cultural life (even if inevitably somewhat distorted in its art form by its purpose as something other than an accurate record). News footage has recorded, both for the cinema newsreel and for television the recent history of past wars in great detail; some of it is readily available on commercial videotapes and incre asingly on multi-media CD-ROMs. The weekly newsreels have now been replaced by the much greater immediacy of television. In essence, this is history recorded at the moment of its being made - a trade-off between the ultimate in immediacy and the lack of clarity that reflection and a broader time-scale would produce. Another form of film would be the historical series. These are the types of films produced for educational networks. They historically research a topic, choose how to represent it, and them produce it for a more or less mass audience. These films can prove quite valuable to the study of history for the elaboration of areas of interest. Also they are valuable in bringing to light aspects that many have been obscured before. On the other hand, the fault of these films lie in which information they choose to portray and not portray. Since they are produced for a mass audience, there are also concerns about them being produced accordingly, leaving out parts of information that may be pertinent in light of public interest. The films have the interesting position of being able to portray history in different lights, they are able to use a different medium to explore a topic, and also bring it to a broader audience. They can portray credability through emphasis and create villains as well a s heroes. In the captialistic world of Hollywood arises the major motion picture. Created for mainly entertainment purposes therefore there is an incredibly decreased emphasis on the historical value of the films. While there may be consulting historians, they purpose of the movie is entertainment and not historical accuracy. The other major disadvantage of major motion pictures is that most are fictional. The use of fiction in history does have its merits but it is not the argument of this paper. The main reason why not to get into this argument is that fiction does have its role in history and then placing the role of a fictional text into a visual fiction is a dissertation and not an essay. One of the major advantages of major motion pictures is that because they are produced for acceptance by the mass society, we are able to disect values of the time period it was created. Visually we are also able to get

Utilitarianism and Abortion

Utilitarianism and Abortion Free Online Research Papers The debate over abortion usually focuses on politics and law and the most frequently asked question tends to be whether or not abortion should be outlawed or continue to be allowed at the discretion of each individual. Behind these debates are the most basic of ethical questions which do not always receive the attention they may deserve. There are many opinions on this topic, however, a good place to start is whether or not law has the authority to rule over morality and whether the laws that we have now bring enough attention to the moral value of abortion. Along with these concepts abortion can also be viewed through the eyes of the utilitarian approach to ethics which focuses on both pleasure and pain and the ability to maximize pleasure over pain. To do so we must first know exactly what abortion is and then must also have a broad definition of what the utilitarian theory encompasses. Abortion by definition is the termination of a pregnancy by the removal or expulsion of a fetus or embryo from the uterus resulting in its death. The utilitarian theory by definition focuses on the rightness or wrongness of the act in question and its effects on a community as a whole (Katz, 2004). Viewing abortion through the utilitarian approach, theorists would want to distinguish between the possibility of pleasure and pain instances of abortion over the amounts of pleasure and pain when abortion is not the option. Most would think that the best place to begin this discussion would be from the prospects of the fetus itself however, that is not always the case. The first thing to consider is that through abortion and the stopping of the fetus’s life the fetus can be said to have any possible pleasure taken away from it. Secondly, no one knows for sure what level of pain is inflicted through the procedure, especially in the later stages of pregnancy. Unfortunately, this focus seems to be unjustified because many say that the abortion could have been done earlier and with less invasive techniques. The problem with both of these possibilities is that who determines the amount of pain inflicted? Usually adults in experimental settings so then the question that follows must be how can adults know how an unborn fetus itself will feel? Another consideration would have to be that the life of the unborn fetus would promote a much greater amount of happiness over pain. Again no one knows exactly what the future may hold, but it is very likely that these individuals, who are essentially put to death against their will, have a very happy life. This, however, cannot happen once an abortion has taken place because any chance for the fetus to experience happiness in any form has been removed. The possibilities of pleasure over pain for an unborn fetus later in life must be thoroughly considered when applying the utilitarian method to the process of abortion. The third group that must be accounted for are the parents and extended family of the unborn child. Those who intend on having a child are doing so under careful consideration and thus happiness should prevail. To the opposite of this are those who are pregnant with an unwanted child that may feel grief and are more than likely to become unhappy and even depressed from the birth of this child. This may result from financial issues or just the general unpreparedness to having a child that is not wanted. The parents and extended family are also a component of abortion that must be considered under the utilitarian method of ethics. Since the utilitarian theory focuses much of its strength on the effects individual’s acts play amongst the community rather than on the individual, much of the issue of abortion lies on its effects on a population. This is important because if a population would have to consist of a â€Å"perfect† size then it is abundantly clear that the possibility of new population (births) will be hindered in an area of consistent population while areas with underdeveloped population will be allowed to reproduce. In this way those overdeveloped areas will require abortion as a way to control the population while the underdeveloped areas will be strictly against abortion so that their population can flourish. To take this method even farther there are two very different rules that are provided by this method those being Rule and Act utilitarian. Rule utilitarian’s are more formula oriented and superficial and focus on behavioral codes or rules that are based on societal practices and institutions (Waller, 2008). This principle can be said to be a test for the morality of a moral rule and does not pertain to the action itself. An example of this is the concept â€Å"stealing is wrong†. This rule will allow for more positive then negativities to come from all of those who follow it. Rule utilitarianism then becomes a method for judging various behaviors. Rule utilitarianism allows abortion to be labeled according to moral rules thus allowing each individual a chance at a more favorable outcome over an unfavorable one. Act utilitarianism, in contrast, maintains that the morality of each action is determined in relation to the favorable and unfavorable consequences that come from the act (Waller, 2008)). This aspect seems the best fit when speaking of abortion as it focuses on the act of abortion and not just the consequences of the act or moral code. The Act portion of utilitarianism is a more moral based utilitarianism as it focuses on the act itself and the consequences that come from doing that specific act. Now that we have a broad prospective on how the utilitarian theory works in accordance to the topic of abortion we must further this discussion and apply the fundamental aspects of a variety of different theorists to the topic of abortion. The first of these coming from Peter Singer (1993) who claims â€Å"there is a clear cut answer to the question of the moral permissibility of abortion and those who think there is not ‘are simply mistaken’ (P. 135). This is an important concept to hold and brings a much heated debate on abortion that will surely require much attention in the future. Singer starts his debate on this issue at the very beginning of the life cycle and never looks back. He says as stated by Crome (2008): â€Å"One of the primary issues is that the development form from the fertilized egg to child is continuous. Consequently, it is difficult for those who want to defend abortion to establish a morally significant dividing line between the earliest stages of life when abortion would be permissible and the point at which that life turns into a properly human life, and when it would not† (pg. 2). Along the way he emphasizes that this process may hit many detours in the determining when a fetus can actually be able to live viably. This is just one of the ways Singer brings mention to the life cycle and its ability to determine when or when not an abortion is a just fact. To the opposite of this there are many instances where Singer seems to be a proponent for abortion, but at the same time shows signs that he is actually against it. He even goes to the extent of giving vivid details in the case of those who may be over the gestational age to have an abortion, but choose to go to another country to have the abortion done illegally. Peter Singer, in my opinion, gives a thorough representation of the utilitarian method of ethics. He denotes the good points and the bad points of this type of ethical judgement while giving examples to prove or disprove his methods. Another utilitarian philosopher by the name of J. S. Mill also gave great contribution to the concept of abortion and the utilitarian way. However, before we talk about how he contributed to abortion, we must get a generalization about the role he played in utilitarian ethics and morality in general by visiting an excerpt from his famous piece Utilitarian in which Mill (1998) states: â€Å"there is, I am aware, a disposition to believe that a person who sees in moral obligation a transdental fact, an objective reality belonging to the province of things in themselves; is likely to be more obedient to it than one who believes it to be entirely subjective, having its seat only in human consciousness† (P. 75). This sentiment goes the distance in explaining the type of utilitarianism Mill promoted. Unlike others he seemed to use a lighter version of utilitarianism allowing for things others would have never dreamed of. Mill went great lengths in trying to determine a more effective way to approach utilitarianism as he felt there were deeper components then just what is left to the consciousness. Mill would approach this issue through a variation of questions ending with the notion of overall pleasure. One of Mill’s (2002) firm beliefs was that â€Å"the only way in which a human being can make some approach to knowing the whole of a subject is by hearing what can be said about it by persons of every variety of opinion† (p. 259). This is intrinsic to the discussion of abortion as there are so many points of view that range from lack of opinion to utter disgust. He does however feel that individuals should be rational enough to realize whether an event will have favorable or unfavorable outcomes (Qizilbash, 2006). This being said, the pleasure or the pain behind the act becomes the justification of the act. For instance, let us consider the case of parents that are faced with having a baby that would become a disadvantage over a period of time. In this case the greater good in Mill’s view would be to abort the baby, thus forgoing the possibilit ies of grief and stress in the future. In the end the event will bring more pain then pleasure and becomes a vehicle to attain a desired pleasure and in that respect is considered a moral act. Interestingly enough Mill encountered the topic of abortion through another careful observation. If carrying and raising a baby may potentially bring pain of any sort (not being able to nurture the child properly) then the baby may be better off being aborted. This can be said because the inability to function as a good parent is a painful thing and thus the abortion becomes the appropriate thing to do. This again under Mills and the utilitarian theory becomes a moral act for those reasons. The one great distinction between Mill and others is the allowance for a calculation of pain and pleasure (Riley, 2009). These calculations were to be done on an individual basis which now allowed for each person to hold some accountability for their own pleasures and pain. Mill held many views on abortion and morality but more importantly he set into motion the fact that pleasure and pain is not necessarily a set factor and can be calculated by each individual. When viewing abortion in accordance of the utilitarian theory it is imperative that the views of Jeremy Bentham be discussed as he gives an interesting stance to the topic of abortion. His focus is on the greatest good for the overall greatest number of people and also includes the Hedonistic Calculus Theory which was extremely helpful in representing his position on abortion. He used the Hedonistic Calculus Theory as a way to determine which pleasures are of the greatest good and should be pursued by others (Nussbaum, 2004). This theory contained several different categories which were used under Bentham as a way to view each situation separately. In this way there were times when abortion would be permitted and other times when abortion would be strictly prohibited. For example, if a woman was raped and subsequently became pregnant then abortion would be justifiable because the baby could possibly bring more pain to the mother, the family, and even the baby itself. T he problem that comes about under this approach is that many times the issues surrounding abortion never really come to a final conclusion, but instead multiple conclusions may be reached depending on the variation of circumstances that arise. Bentham and his utilitarian approach definitely addresses the topic of abortion, however, leaves many opportunities for a final conclusion to never be determined. In conclusion, we have to understand that the application of the utilitarian principle of ethics seeks to set a general rule to apply to all moral decisions. In the case of abortion, the utilitarian states that all unwanted pregnancies that represent a physical, mental, emotional, and financial hardship should be terminated via abortion. Furthermore, the utilitarian does not look at the unborn fetus as in a way which happiness is to be gained or lost, but rather as a piece of society as a whole. This becomes a disadvantage because the fetus is not allowed any rights nor is it granted happiness because at this stage it does not experience a cognitive rational thought process. The limitations that the utilitarian theory adds to the discussions must also be addressed as many times there is not enough information provided to come to a final and ever so important conclusion. The utilitarian method is a straight forward way to determine the best possibilities of pleasure over pa in for all involved. References Crome, K. (2008). Is Peter Singer’s Utilitarian Argument about Abortion Tenable? Richmond Journal of Philosophy. 17, 1-9. Katz, D. (Nov. 8, 2004). Political, Public Health and Morality. New Haven Register. New Haven, Con. Mill, J. S. (2002). On Liberty. Classics of Political and Moral Philosophy. Ed. New York: Oxford. Mill, J. S. (1998). Utilitarianism. Ed. Roger Crisp. New York: Oxford University Press. 75. Nussbaum, M. (2004). Mill between Aristotle and Bentham. Daedalus. 133(2), 60-69. Qizibash, M. (2006). Capability, Happiness, and Adaptation in Sen and J. S. Mill. Utilitas, 18(1), 20-33. Riley, J. (2008). The Interpretation of Maximizing Utilitarianism. Social Philosophy and Policy, 26(1), 286-326. Singer, P. (1993). Taking Life: The Embryo and the Fetus. Practical Ethics, Cambridge: Cambridge UP. 135. Waller, B. N. (2008). Consider Ethics: Theory, Readings, and Contemporary Issues. New York: Pearson Custom Publishing. Research Papers on Utilitarianism and AbortionPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyCapital PunishmentMind TravelGenetic EngineeringMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Analysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug Use

BBA Communication 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

BBA Communication 2 - Essay Example It is beautiful and it’s wonderful if it’s a product of a careful planning. Today’s life is full of opportunities, covering everyone from shoe menders to business investors. If one has some sort of skill it is easier to market them on sale, provided one knows where to and how to. However, there stands a difference between living a life and living it beautifully. Life becomes beautiful only when one could live up to see their dreams come true. Those dreams only come true if one acts to turn them into realities. I had always dream to study and practice my religion with grounds of inner beliefs considering no better profession other than this as purification of one’s soul. However, my family especially my parents had it altogether planned differently since the very beginning. Brief Background As a child, I had always been a quite friendly kid although I always had groups of kids to play with at school; I never had any one at home to share my feelings with. My mother was a drama actress; she had inculcated such profession even before marrying dad. She met dad who was one of the stage show organizer whom she later felt in love with and got married. I therefore belong to a family of showbiz people. This basically was the root cause of me and my sister’s subjects had nothing but arts in it. I watched time and noticed that my grandmother had already sign up her mom’s older sister for many extracurricular activities that she however subsequently dropped out of. As, mom became of age to sign up and was then willing to join such groups, her demands were refuse with statements by her parents, such as, â€Å"No, we don’t want to spend more funds to go wasted just the way your sister did.† My mother tried convincing her parents, but they didn’t agree. She always felt cheated for a chance to participate and an opportunity for lifetime. The consequences of this are what I today have to live up with such as pressuri ze over choosing any career but in the field of arts, music or drama. There was no freedom of choice what I wanted to do. No one ever felt the need to inquire my subject area of interest. Earlier Education – Age 4 and onwards Ever since I was a baby, I was made to listen to music and to catch the beat or copy the dance moves. There was a weekly dance contest between my sister and I, which I always used to lose. My sister used to imitate the best dancers; I would witness her pre-planning the dance routines with her friend or cousin and putting them then at family gatherings on a dance show. As was evident sooner my sister became one of leading artist of school plays. When I was finally old enough to sign up for dance and drama lessons, my mom jumped over, certain that I would love to be a part of it and perform like a star pupil due to her obvious budding talent and enthusiasm. The first class I burst into tears when the time came to go into the studio, I didn’t wanted to. The second class I braved going in but tried leaving room for a variety of reasons. Wishing that mom would sense my desire not to attain this education. But, nothing seems to work and the classes continued over a month and although I tried to show much lack of enthusiasm and interest I was still forced to join the group and participate. Parents Role –